Chapter - Questions

1. How did the Estates-General help strengthen the French monarchy?

By got rid of disloyal nobles and put loyal persons of lower birth in their place. He stopped the raids of lawless vassals and granted charters to many towns, thus winning the loyalty of the townspeople. Made Paris to the center of government. He increased size of the kingdom. Ordered people to stop feuding. By marriage.

2. What changes did the Magna Carta bring about in English government.

It took away some king’s power and increased that of the nobles.

3. Why did the position of the common people in England and france improve as a result of the Hundred year’s war.

Peasont became more valuable, because their were not so many of them anymore.

4.How did Otto I set up a Christian Roman Empire in Western Europe?

He removed lords would not obey him and gave their estates  to his family. He made many of his disloyal followers bishops and abbots and gave them governments posts.

5. What did the Moors bring to Spain?

They brought artisans, merchants, bankers, doctors, and educators.

6. What was the purpose of the Spanish Inquisition?

Isabella and Ferdinand thought Moors and Jews would practice their old religion. So they tried and tortured thousands of people charged with heresy. More then 2000 were burned to death.

Rise of Guilds

1.  What led to the development of trade between Europe and the Near East during the 1000s and 1100s?
They traded allot and sold many products by which they became a leading Port

2. What led to decline of Italian trading centers?
The quarrel among themselves over profits and trade routes.

3.How did fairs affect the development of banking?
Because Nobles collected taxes and sales from the fairs.

4. What effects did the "Black Death" have on Europe?
It killed about 1/3 of the Population in Europe (25 Million)

5. How did a person become a master in the guild.

First you had to be an apprentice or trainee for two to seven years (Masters told them their trade. They lived with them and had to obey them). The next step was the journeyman (he worked under the master for a daily wage). After a certain time, the journeyman had to take a test, and if he passed, than he became a master.

6.Why were nobles and church officials against the rise of towns?

In this time, Merchants got more and more and more money (sometimes more than nobles had). They could educate their sons, build Mansion and bought castles from the nobles. Their were against it, because they didn’t wanted, that they get s much power.

7. How were the ideas of townspeople different from those of the nobles and peasants.

The townspeople wanted to get in higher positions, yet were they got the money and power. The nobles were completely against it. They thought that it would be wrong to have a townsman as king or and towns son in the jury. Because of that, they wanted to stop the changes.

The Nobles were over all the people. Because Merchants and artisans didn't wanted to be on the bottom anymore, they build the guilds. In this one everything and everybody was equal and so everybody felt the same. They also made all the prizes the same. The guilds became free from the nobles.

Rise of Trade and Towns

1) What led to the growth and development of Venice's trade?
They became a leading Port and many of its citizen became full time merchants.

2) How did the location of Flanders help it become an important trading center?
Its rivers were joined/linked together before they ended in the sea and that why they could trade allot.

3) What were Fairs?
Merchants traveling along the chief route trough eastern France and stopped to trade with each other at special gathering were called Fairs.

4) Who sponsored fairs and why?
They were sponsored by nobles who collected taxes on sale.

5) How did most towns develop in the Middle Ages?
Most towns of the middle ages developed from these merchant settlements

6) What was the Black Death?  How many people died from it?
It is a virus/disease were rats re infecting the people. About 25 million Europeans died.

7) What changes did burghers want to make in feudal laws?
They wanted more freedom (they didn't wanted to ask for permission to marry, move arround, or own land). They also didn't wanted to serf the army. They resented feudal laws. They got more power and wealth.

1.What role did Church officials play in thhe political life of middle ages?
They helped to govern western europe.

2. Why did many Monks grow careless about carrying out their religious duties?
Because the monasteries became rich, so they all got more and more careless.

3. Why were universities started?
Because teachers were untrained, students and teachers decided to form unions or groups of people joined together for a common cause.

4. Why did Urban II encourage people to g on the crusade?
Turks took control of the shrines in jerusalem and when they heard what happened in the Holy and, tere were angrd and build the warriors named crusaded.

5. What effect did the climate in Palestine have on the crusades?
They changed from wearing fur woolen clothes, to wearing turbans and loose, flowing silk, or lines robes because of the heat.6.

6. What happened during the children crusades?
In 1291, the Muslims took over Acre, the last Christian stronghold. The Muslims won the crusades. They also gained back their land.

7. Why did the Split in the Roman Catholic church became permanent?
The Byzantines became so angry about the actions in western europe, that it splitter permanently.

8. How did the Crusades affect the power of western europe's king?
The helped to break down the feudalism. Kings at home increased their authority. The desire for wealth, power, and land grew and began to cloud  the religious ideals of many western europeans.

Serfs and Freeman

1) What was a code of chivalry?  Who did it apply to?  List the rules of chivalry.
Are the rules for a knight, it meant, that the knight had to obey his lord, show bravery, respect woman of noble birth, honor the church, and help people.

2) How did Knights train for war?
He began training when he was 7 years old. He was send to a castle of another lord. There he learned to be a Page (a person who helps other knights --> he learns the basics). They learned also good manners. With the age of 14 the Page was able to handle a lance and a sword on the back of the horse. With 15 the Page became a squire. He was then brought to care to 1 knight. The squires duty was to go into war with his knight. He was kind of an medic in battle.

3) Explain the organization of feudal Manors. 
They were found on fiefs and owned by manors. The manor was run by officials. One official was the seneschal. He looked after the nobles fiefs by visiting them. Another one was the bailiff. He made sure, that the peasants worked hard on the field.

4) What was the difference between Freeman and Serfs?
These were the people who worked on the field. The freeman were the people who paid for the land, to get the fight, to farm on it. They worked on the field, whenever they wanted to, but the nobles could throw them out of the Manor without warning. 
The other ones were serfs, who were owned u the nobles. They could NOT move to another area, own their own property, or marry without the nobles permission. They could not be driven off and didn't had to go to the army.

5) What was a serf's life like?  Discuss the "bright" moments.
They could flee and if they were not caught in another city within a year, they became free. In the end of the middle ages, they had the chance, to buy themselves free. Sunday was the rest day were they didn't had to work. On Christmas the lord paid for a great feast and entertainment. Some holidays were celebrated with singing and dancing. Serfs could play soccer, wrestling, and archery.

6) Why did people on a manor produce everything they needed?
Because they had to pay for some of the crops and for the Rest they needed.

7) How could serfs obtain their freedom?
They could flee, and if they were not bought and lived within a city for 1 year, then they were free. Later they could buy their freedom.

8) What changes had taken place in farming by the 1200s?

Serfs had to work 6 days a week instead of 3 days. There were not really farmers anymore. More serfs who worked for the nobles. Serfs had to pay for the equipment they used. People now wanted their own land. The nobles didn't had to work for their product anymore.

Feudal Society

2. How did land ownership become tied to military service?
Charles Martel began giving his soldiers fiefs, or estates, as a reward for their service and loyalty. Trough this the soldiers got the income, to buy horses and and battle equipment

3. How did nobles become so powerful?
Before long, the Kings began (because they were so weak), to depend on the nobles for food, horses, and soldiers. Some nobles grew more powerful than the king and became independent rulers. They gained the right to collect taxes and to enforce the law in their areas. Many nobles raised armies and coined their own money.

4. What were some duties of a vassal?
Vassals had to help his lord in battle, they had to make payments for their lords, and had to attend the lord's court. They had to provide food and entertainment