1.
- he setup a fire brigade and a police force

2.
- more business for Romans
- the city hummed
- Shopkeepers grew richer
- Italy became a manufacturing center for pottery, bronze, and woolen clothes
- Wine and olive oil were the main items bought by other countries (-> more money)

3.
- because the times were different, the laws first set down on the twelve tables were changed
- when some conquered a new territory, Roman merchants had to business with non
  Romans --> they needed new laws

4.
- a law was believed to principles of law that were fair to everyone

5.
- they were killed for example at gladiator games

6.
- he killed his

The Roman Republic

I) The Roman Republic:

    A) The Government
          1) Two Consuls were at the head of the Republic
              a) each had a veto power
              b) both had to agree before any law was passed
           2) Senate
             a) made up of 300 men chosen for life
             b) discussed ways to deal with other countries, proposed laws, and approved
                 public contracts for building roads and temples.
          3) Judges, assemblies, and tribunes
             a) all Roman citizens belonged and could declare war or agree to peace terms
             b) in 450 b.c. laws were carved on 12 bronze tablets known as the twelve tables.

    B) Roman Expansion
          1) Protecting Rome
             a) they either conquered their neighbors or made alliances with them
             b) conquered several Etruscan cities
             c) by 146 b.c. Rome ruled most of the Mediterranean world
         2) Legions
            a) introduced legions, which had up to 5000 soldiers known as legionaries
            b) legionaries were divided into groups of 60-120 from there.
            c) legions were smaller and could move faster than the phalanx and were
                also able to attack from the front, back, and sides, when the phalanx could
                only do so from the front
         3) Rulers
            a) had no taxes
            b) allowed conquered people to settle their own affairs, keep their government,
                and let them become Roman citizens
 
     C) Punic Wars
          1) First Punic War
              a) they clashed in 264 B. C. and the war took 23 years
              b) Carthage's strength was in the navy and rome strength was at the land
              c) the romans build ships like the Carthaginians, but they build also there a little
                  bridge which they used, to fight on the ships of he enemy
               d) the romans lost many ships but won then in 241 B. C.
           2) Second Punic War
               a) in 218 B. C. the second Punic war began
               b) Hannibal attacked the roman army and surprised them by marching from
                   Spain through southern Gaul and then crossing the alps.
               c) they had elephants to broke the lines of the Rome's and to survive the alps
               d) The troops roamed southern italy for 15 years and destroyed in this time
                    many cities.
                e) then the romans attacked Hannibal and he
                    lost this battle and the war. After it,
                    Rome had control over Spain's recourses
                    and Hannibal had to pay much money
           3) Third Punic War
                a) after 50 years, it seams, that Carthage is
                    getting new power, so the romans burned
                    and destroyed their cities, made salt in the
                    fields so that nothing will grow and
                    killed the Carthaginians or sold them into
                    slavery
                b) at 146 B. C. the City state Corinth refused
                    to be obey to rome, so the Romans
                    it 1 year later and burned it to the ground.
                c) now Rome controlled Macedonia, Syria and
                    now also Greece and areas under
                    its control. Rome became the leading power
                    of the Mediterranean world

The Etruscans

1. What the Etruscans were known for?
- they were known as "people of the sea", so they were pirates, traders and the first high
  civilized people of italy

2. What they grew?
- they grew barley, millet, wheat, grapes and other fruits

3. What they did for occupations?
- they were miners, metalworkers, merchants, farmers, sculptors and soldier

4. What their cities were like?
- the whole city was saved by a really big wall. The rich people lived in rectangular,
  one-story homes made of sun-dried brick on a frame of heavy timbers

5. What their Daily life and Religion was like?
- they grumbled, played games, danced and heard music, mostly from a double flute or a
  stringed lyre. They also enjoyed sports like wrestling, racing or boxing.

6. What they borrow from the Greeks?
- they borrowed the greek language and used greek weapons and techniques in the war.

The Founding Of Rome

After the fall of Troy, gods ordered, that the Aeneas (the prince), has to lead his people to a promised land in the west. There they joined forces with the Latins. At about 800 B. C. a latin princess birthed two twins, Romulus and Remus. These boys were taken from her and left to die next to the Tiber. 
The both twins were found by a she-wolf, which fed and cared for them, so that they survived, but one day, a man killed this wolf and took the twins to his home.
When they were older, they decided to build a city (later knew for the name rome). They didn't kew who will make the rules, they decided, that the gods have to say, who will win. So they climbed every one on a different hill and watched for a signed. After a while, 12 vultures flew over the palatine, the hill were Romulus stand. After it they both fought about who will be king and Remus was killed. When Romulus was king, be build the big empire Rom.
By 776 B. C. the settlement on the Palatine had become a village of about 1000 People. Most of the people were farmers who lived in wooden huts and worked the land. Their main crops were wheat and barley.

Sience

1) Who was Socrates and How did he teach people how to think?

      - he was born in 399 B.C. and he was a trial held a tens

      - he was a Philosoph 

      - he teach them, to think step by step to get at the a end a conclusion

2) What did philosophia mean to the ancient Greeks?

      - it mean studying the laws of nature and loving wisdom 

3) What was the Socratic Method?

      - ask questions, who are designed yo make a person arrived step by step to the
        final concision

4) Why was Socrates brought to trial?

      - they accused him of denying the gods, corrupting the young, and trying to
        overthrow the Government

5) List some quotes about ethical or moral living attributed to Socrates.

      - "Wealth does not bring goodness. But goodness brings wealth and every blessing,
         both to the citizen and to the polis."

6) How did Socrates die?

      - He drank the poisonous hemlock juice

7) Who was Plato?

      - he was 30 year old when Socrates died. In 399 B.C. he changed his mind
        and travelled to Egypt and Italy for the next 12 years. When he returned, he set up
        a school outside Athens in the sacred grove of the hero Academus.

      - he was a Philosoph

8) What school did Plato found?

      - Plato found the Academy. Plato hoped to train the government leaders and
        this school existed 900 years after his death almost

9) Name two books that Plato wrote.

      - he wrote The Rebublic and The Dialogues

10) Who was Aristotle?  What did he do?

      - Aristotle came to Platon Academy when he was 17 and stayed for 20 years. Before he
        died he founded his own school and wrote more then 200 books.

11) What is syllogism?  Give an example of one.  Who invented it?

      - it's a method of reasoning that uses three statements

      - Athenians are Greek, Socrates is Athenian, therefore, Socrates is Greek.

      - Hippocrates invented it

12) Who developed the first two steps of the scientific method?

      - Aristotle developed the first two steps of the scientific method

13) Who developed the Hippocratic Oath?  What is the Hippocratic Oath? 

      - Hippocrates developed the Hippocratic Oath. The Hippocratic Oath stated that
        doctors should honor their teachers, do their best for the sick, never give poisons,
        and keep all secrets of their patients

1) Who was Socrates and How did he teach people how to think?

2) What did philosophia mean to the ancient Greeks?

3) What was the Socratic Method?

4) Why was Socrates brought to trial?

5) List some quotes about ethical or moral living attributed to Socrates.

6) How did Socrates die?

7) Who was Plato?

8) What school did Plato found?

9) Name two books that Plato wrote.

10) Who was Aristotle?  What did he do?

11) What is syllogism?  Give an example of one.  Who invented it?

12) Who developed the first two steps of the scientific method?

13) Who developed the Hippocratic Oath?  What is the Hippocratic Oath? 

The Greeks

1. Why did many Greeks go to the oracles?

   - they went to the oracle to seek advice and know more about the future, but the prophecy made

     most times more questions then answers

2. What was the oracle at Delphi?

   - Pilgrims to the oracle at Delphi descended a staircase into an underground vault in the temple of

     Apollo, where a priestess. Sulfurous gases bubbled up from the crack in the earth beneath her

     chair, swirling around her as the pilgrim asked a question. Priests then translated the answer into a

     verse for the pilgrim to recite and try to understand

3. How, in the worship of the Gods, were the Greeks different than earlier groups of people?

   - Unlike everyone else , the Greeks believeed in theire own value, the Greeks had a great deal of

     self respect. Also they placed importance on the worth of the individual. The Greeks build temples    

     to honor their god and in every temple the statue of the god. Nobody entered the temple,

     because the Greeks believed, that the gods live in the temple.

4. Name six Greek gods and what they controlled.

   1) Zeus = ruler of mount olympus, king of the gods, god of the weather

   2) Aphrodite = godess of love and beauty

   3) Ares = god of war

   4) Poseidon = god of the sea and earthquakes, giver of horses to mortals

   5) Demeter = godess of crops, giver of grain and fruit

   6) Hera = protectress of marriage, children and the home, wife of Zeus

5. The Olympic Games where held where and to honor who?

   - According to legend, King Pelops founded the Omlympics to repay Zeus for helping him win a

     chariot race and gain Hippodameia, a rival king's daughter. Hippodameia then began the Heraia,

     a festival honoring Zeus's wife Hera. The Heraia, held at the same time as the Olympics, gave 

     woman a chance to complete in foot races.

        

6. List four events, with descriptions, held during the Olympic Games.

   1) Charriot Racing = involved riding a small cart in a race between others across 9 miles

   2) Boxing = a brutal sport, were people fought against each other with they bear hands until the

       Oppunent was down, no eye gouching was allowed

   3) Pancratium = anoother fighting match, were the opponent couldn't use holds or grips on the

       Opponent

   4) Pentatlon = made up of five events: running, jumping, throwing discuss, wrestling and hurl a 

       jawelin

7. When was the 1st Olympic Games held?

   - 776 B.C.

8. Who were the three great writers of tragedy?

   - Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides

9. What were comedies originally about? 

   - Greek comedies were about the present and it usually had happy endings

Athens

Athens

1) Where was Athens located?
Northeast of Sparta, on the Aegen coast

2) Why did Athens change its government?
They were afraid there would be uprising because of all the fights that broked out

3) Who was Draco and Solon?  What did they do?
Dracon was one of the first guys, who tried to change the government. He failed, because his punishments wee too cruel. Solon prepared a constitution, or set of principle for government

4) Who created the world's first Democratic Constitution?
Cleisthenes created the world first democratic government, by having men over twenty go to a meeting to discuss, who will go to chief and general.

5) What was the Council of 500?  How were its members chosen?
Was a every year new chosen (by lot) citizen constitution, which made the daily business Athens. All names were drwan on a large pt. No one could serve on the Council for more then two terms.

6)  Describe the Battle of Marathon.
At 490 B.C. Darius sen a fleet  of 600 ships and a well equipped army to Greece. As soon as most of the persian  soldiers were aboard, Greek soldiers ran down in close order from the hills around Marathon. The remaining persian troops were not prepared and defeated. Through this genius idea, the Greeks win this fight.

7) How did the Greeks eventually defeat the Persians?
They ran dow the Marathon hills in a close order and the greeks were not ready to fight. Thats why the Greeks probably win this fight.

8) Who was Pericles (495B.C, - 429 B.C.)
As leader of Athens (Athenian General), Pericles turned the city state into a center of learning. His influence was so great, that historians call the period of his power the "Age of Pericles."

9) What was the Peloponnesian War and what was its outcome?
When the Athenians attacked one of Sparta's allies, a group of city states led by Sparta declared war on Athens. This was the Peloponnesian war. 
The outcome was:
1. Athens lost its empire
2. Sparta gained temporary ascendancy until defeated by Thebes 30 years later
3. Greece was devastated and weakened. Persia, defeated nearly a century earlier, was able to dictate a   peace
4. Macedonia was able to exert hegemony over Greece, and defeat Persia

Sparta

Sparta

1) What was the acropolis and what stood there?
    It was a fortified hill with a temple of the local god

2) The average city-state, or polis, contained how many people?
    between 5000 and 10000

3) How was Sparta's government formed?
   At first, there as one king (500 B. C.). Later nobles took over the government and two kings had joint power    and there was a council of elders with consisted of men over 60 who were chosen for life. Although they were only titled kings, which had little power, mainly over army and religious purposes.

4) Who ruled Sparta?
    The two kings

5) Who were the helots and what did they do in Sparta?
- the helots were enslaved people owned by the city states. Helots ad to turn over one half of their crops to the aristocrats who owned the land, but lived in the center of the polis.

6) Discuss, or outline, the life of a Spartan boy:
    at the beginning, the baby were examined to see, if they were healthy. If they didn't were healthy, they died, if there were healthy, they allowed to life. Then, if they were seven, they will send to the military camp. They showed him, how to read, write and use weapons. They were barefoot and had only a cloak to were. The food was only at a time and they were looked, if they are going fat. Every night  They had to sleep outside without a cover. When a spartan "boy" was 20, he was allowed to marry and he only eaten in a barrack, where they also shared experiences with other soldiers.

7)  Discuss the life of a Sparta woman.  How were Spartan women more free than other Greek women at the time?
     They had mush more freedom then in other cites. They mixed freely with a men. They enjoyed sports (wrestling and racing). Spartan woman told their mens every time, when they went into a war, that they have to bring their shields home.

8) Explain the quote, "Come home with your shield or on it".  How does this quote reinforce Spartan ideas?
     When a spartan men comes home with his shield, than the woman knowed, that they won the battle. Dead warriors were carried home on their shields. The Spartans believed new ideas would weaken their way of life. Because of this, they tried to prevent change.