The Franks

1)   When did Pepin die?  Who were his sons?
He died in 768. His sons were Carloman and charles who became king of the franks.

2)   Who was Charlemagne?  What did he do?  List the people he defeated in battle.  What does his name mean?
Was the second son of Pepin. He was king of the Frans. He wanted to bring all western european under his rule and he also wanted to make ther germans christian.
1. Went to italy and defeated the Lombards
2. he attacked the saxons who lived in the northern of germany
3. And he fought also the Muslims
His name means "Charles the Great".

3)   What was The Song of Roland about?
Its about the warrior Roland and the song is about a lost battle, which was at the beginning a legend and then a song.

4)   Why was Charlemagne displeased that the Pope crowned him emperor?
When the religious ceremony was over, the Pope placed a crown on Charles the Great head. The pope then declared that Charlemagne was the new Roman emperor. Then he bought, that the right to rule came from the pope and not from god.

5)   What was Charlemagne’s view of education?  What did he do to promote education in his empire?
He believed in  education and was proud of his own ability to read latin.He wanted that his people be educated too so he founded schools.

6)   Who was Alcuin?  What did children study in the school set up by Alcuin?
He was a scholar. The children studied such subjects as religion, Latin, music, literature, and arithmetic.

7)   What were some things that artists created under Charlemagne’s rule?
They build pa;aces and churches, around a large courtyard as the Romans did. They covered church walls showing pictures from stories from the bible.

8)   Describe estate life.
Lors or nobles were the most powerful people in Charles empire. Lords lived in stone farmhouses. Farmers lived often in simple wood huses in small villages. They worked in fields, vineyards, orchards. The field were owned by the lords but the farmers worked 3 days a week.

9)   How did farmers gradually become serfs?
The farmers gradually did more for the nobles and less for themselves. They were becoming serfs, or peole bound to the land.

10)  How did minstrels increase Charlemagne’s popularity?
The minstrels journeyed from place to place singing the praises of Charlemagne and his empire.

11)  What did the Empire collapse after Charlemagne’s death?
Louis dicided the empire under his 3 sons, received the title of emperor. The empire lost more and more power and when they divided the empire again, the empire was not existing anymore.

12)  What might have prevented the collapse of Charlemagne’s government?
Because the brothers were so weak rulers who allowed the counts and nobles to have most of the power. Once again, united western Europe was divided into smaller territories.

Charles the Hammer

1)   Why were the Frankish kings after Clovis weak?
They divided the land under their sons and these spend more time for fighting then ruling. So the power went to the nobles.

2)   Who was Charles Martel?  What did he do?  Why was he known as “The Hammer”?
He became known as the "Hammer" because of his strength. In 732, he led the Franks in a battle of Tours, one of the most important battles in european history.

3)   Why was the Battle of Tours a turning point in history?
The Franks victory at the battle of Tours enabled christianity to survive in western europe.

4)   What might western Europe have been like if the Arabs and Berbers had won the Battle of Tours?
Then probably all of europe would be like the arabs and berbers...?

5)   Who was Pepin?  How did he help the Pope?
He was the son of Charles Martel. Pepin led the army into italy, defeated the Lombards, and gave the land the held in central italy, to the pope.

6)   Define anointed.

To apply oil, ointment, or a similar substance to. To put oil on during a religious ceremony as a sign of sanctification or consecration. To choose by or as if by divine intervention.

The Franks

1)   Why were people no longer interested in learning during the early middle ages?
Because they fought, that all they have to know came from god and the church.

2)   Why are the Franks important?
Later they builded the modern lands France and Germany and they develpoped the modern francis

3)   Who was Clovis?  How did Clovis become Christian?
He was the Franks king and it was his mission from god to be hristian and make it puplar in his Land.

4)   What happened after Clovis became Christian?
He made the christian believnes popular in his whole land and saved the church from non-believers. It was his mission from god.

5)   Why was it important that the Pope gave Clovis his support?
Popes church and his power supported to make the christian believnes popular.

6)   Why were the Franks more successful at governing than other Germanic peoples?
Because they had better rules and began to work with other lands together. Also they were more modern and there believnes was a we, so everybody was supporting everrybody, also other lands.

7)   What modern nations developed out of the civilization built by the Franks?
Germany and France.

Me as german chieftain

If I become a german chieftain, I would be really friendly, but strict. I would say to them, what I did when I was jung, my experiences with all weapons and the same with war. I would say in which Clan I was and when other warriors decided, that I get an chieftain. I would give them a good leadership, weapons , and a chance for wealth and adventure. I would not want to get money from my troops, because I make it for honor to my gods. The only thing I would want to get from my troops is 110% loyalty. Every guy of my group most believe me for his life and the same is for me. I would fight every time with my troops together and try to loose nobody. When I make a speech then I would honor at the same time our fighting gods Thor and the others.

The Goths

1) Who were the Goths?
Germanic people who lived in the Balkan Peninsula of Europe, they were divided into two groups called Ostrogoths and Visigoths.

2) Discuss the Battle of Adrianople?  Why was it important?  When did it happen?
It happened in 378 and it was important because it marked the beginning of the end of the Roman empire.

3) Where did the Goths end up?
They ended up in North Africa

4) Who were the Vandals?
A German pirates group from Balkan Peninsula of Europe.

5) What English world did the Vandals inspire?  Why?
Vandalism, because the Vandals went around purposly destroying areas.

6) Who was Odoacer?
A German general who ruled the western empire for 15 years. He was killed by the East Goths when they invaded Italy.

7) Who was Theodoric?
Leader of Eastern Goths

8) What happened to the Roman Empire in the West by 550 C.E.?
It faded away and in its place were six major and a great many minor Germanic kingdoms.

The Germans

1) Describe the village life of the early Germans.
Villages were surrounded by farmlands and pastures. Most of the homes were long thatched roof huts with an open space around them. Families lived in one end of the hut and divided the other half into animal stalls. In winter the body heat of the animals kept them warm. Germans made their livings herding cattle.

2) What did the Germans grow?
Barley, rye, wheat, beans, and peas

3) What were the Germans view of hospitality?
Their view on hospitality was so strong it was illegal to turn people away. They took strangers and guests in and fed them, welcomed, and entertained.

4) How were the German tribes organized?
They were organized in clans. German clans started off based on family ties and later followed orders from a single chieftain.

5) Who was Theodoric the Great?
King of Eastern Goths. Declared himself king of Italy, and as king he encouraged the Roman and Germanic peoples to get along. During his reign peace and prosperity returned.

6) Who was Woden?  Thor?
Woden-God of war, poetry, and magic
Thor-Son of Woden, god of thunder

7) What was Valhalla?
It was the hall of Woden where soldiers in the afterlife would feast and fight forever.

8) Discuss blood fueds, oath-helpers and wergeld.
blood feud- quarrels in which the families of the original fighters seek revenge. Resolved by judges
oath-helper- people who swore that the accused was telling the truth
wergeld-fines issued by a court

9) How did the Germans' love of battle and laws influence their society?
It managed to keep the peace despite how cruel and unfair the laws were

The Etruscans

1) The Etruscans - why were they important?  What did they give to the Romans?  Who were important Etruscans?
They wrote an alphabet what they borrowed from the Greeks. They gave metal art and how to make weapons and finished goods to the Romans. An important Etruscan was Lucius Tarquinius.

2) The Roman Republic - what is important about the Roman Republic?  Who were important figures in the Republic and what did they do?  What were the Punic Wars all about?  Who was Hannibal?  How did the Republic end?
They were important because they set up the first republic and when the roman empire fall, many europe lands were "build". For example italy. Hannibal destroyed the roman empire. Tiberiuds Sempronius Grachus was the first Reformer. General Gaius Marius was a military hero.War was about Recourses between Romans and Persia. The Germans walked over the river while it was frozen and destroyed then the Roman Empire. They burned the most of the cities down.

3) What is important about Julius Caesar?  Why should we remember him?
He was a namend governor in 58 B.C. and bought about many reforms. He did a great deal for Rome and its people and did when 60 senators were afraid of him making himself king so they killed him. He shouldn't b remembered. He made the roman empire bigger and helped it to grow. He also made it stronger so that the people are more save.

4) What is important about Augustus Caesar?  Why should we remember him?
He was a clever and held the offices of consul, tribune, high priest and senator all at the same time for bringing peace and old traditions to rome and the citizens.

5) What was the Pax Romana?  How did it come to an end? 
It was a peace of Augustus brought to Rome. It latest for 200 years.

6) How did the Roman Empire come to an end?