Summary-Final
GREEKS
1) The Minoans lived where? What were they
known for?
They lived on a small island in create. How to
build with wood things, how to use metal, how to build ships.
2) What is the legend behind the fall of the
Minoans? Who was Theseus?
The legend is, that he went into the labyrinth with
an magical sword and killed with this the Minotaurus. With the fall of the
Minotaurus, the Minoans fall too.
3) What is the most import thing that the
Mycenaeans have left us?
The legends about the Minotaurus.
4) The Mycenaeans became rich off the trade of what
product?
Olive Oil and things of olives.
5) The Mycenaeans where known for what to
occupations?
They were the pirates of the sea and traders.
6) How did the Mycenaeans disappear (you need two
specific things).
Because all the civil war and the Dorian invasion
(-> the world entered in the "Dark Age"), the Mycenaeans empire
was destroyed and so a new empire was born. Before the Greeks "came",
was the world a place of wandering and killing. The Main point is, that the
Aegen world was cut off from the middle East, and thats why the people had to
create a new civilization.
7) What was the Trojan War?
The trojan war was about Recourses. The king of the
Micenean empire attacked Trojan and stayed there for 10 years. Then they build
a wood horse and left the island. The Trojans fought they won the battle and
pulled the horse into the city. At night, the Micenean soldiers which were in
the horse went outside, opened the walls for the other soldiers which came back
at night and won the battle.
8) The average city-state of classical Greece
contained how many people?
Between 5000 and 10000 People.
9) What war was fought between Athens and Sparta?
When did it end? How long did it last? Who won?
It was the Peloponnesian War and ended at 404. When
the Athenians attacked one of Sparta's allies, a group of city states led by
Sparta declared war on Athens. This was the Peloponnesian war. It took 30
years.
The outcome was:
1. Athens lost its empire
2. Sparta gained temporary ascendancy until
defeated by Thebes 30 years later
3. Greece was devastated and weakened. Persia,
defeated nearly a century earlier, was able to dictate a peace
4. Macedonia was able to exert hegemony over
Greece, and defeat Persia
10) Discuss the life of a boy in Sparta (make
sure you talk about important ages – birth, 7, 20, 30, 60).
At the beginning, the baby were examined to see, if
they were healthy. If they didn't were healthy, they died, if there were
healthy, they allowed to life. Then, if they were seven, they will send to the
military camp. They showed him, how to read, write and use weapons. They were
barefoot and had only a cloak to were. The food was only at a time and they
were looked, if they are going fat. Every night They had to sleep outside
without a cover. When a spartan "boy" was 20, he was allowed to marry
and he only eaten in a barrack, where they also shared experiences with other
soldiers. With 30 they were allowed t marry and with 60 they could retire from
the army.
11) Who were the helots?
The helots were enslaved people owned by the city
states. Helots ad to turn over one half of their crops to the aristocrats who
owned the land, but lived in the center of the polis.
12) Who wrote the world’s first democratic
constitution?
Cleisthenes created the world first democratic
government, by having men over twenty go to a meeting to discuss, who will go
to chief and general.
13) What was the council of 500? How
did one become a member of the council?
Was a every year new chosen (by lot) citizen
constitution, which made the daily business Athens. All names were drwan on a
large pt. No one could serve on the Council for more then two terms.
14) Describe the Battle of Marathon.
At 490 B.C. Darius sen a fleet of 600 ships
and a well equipped army to Greece. As soon as most of the persian
soldiers were aboard, Greek soldiers ran down in close order from the
hills around Marathon. The remaining persian troops were not prepared and
defeated. Through this genius idea, the Greeks win this fight.
15) Why did the Persians go to war with the
Greeks? What was the final outcome?
The Ionians were attacked by the perians and asked
for help. They sent some ships and later they lost. Persia wanted attack
them as punishment for helping the Ionias. The Greek got through this a great
sense f confidence.
16) The first Olympic Games where held when?
In honor of who? List three events at the Olympic Games.
At 776 B.C. According to legend, King Pelops
founded the Omlympics to repay Zeus for helping him win a chariot race and
gain Hippodameia, a rival king's daughter. Hippodameia then began the
Heraia, a festival honoring Zeus's wife Hera. The Heraia, held at the same
time as the Olympics, gave woman a chance to complete in foot races.
1) Charriot Racing = involved riding a small cart
in a race between others across 9 miles
2) Boxing = a brutal sport, were people fought
against each other with they bear hands until the
Oppunent was down, no eye gouching was allowed
3) Pancratium = anoother fighting match, were the
opponent couldn't use holds or grips on the
Opponent
17) List three Greek philosophers and briefly
why each is important?
Socrates:
He changed the way of thinking at the people
Plato:
He builded the Academy and wrote the two important
book "The Rebublic" and "The Dialogues Aristotle:
He was one of Plato's greatest students. He founded
his own school before he died and wrote more then 200 books.
18) List three Greek playwrights and discuss
how theater emerged in ancient Greece.
Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
At the beginning they were given in honor of the
god Dionysus and then later they were told in festivals.
19) Who was Hippocrates?
Hippocrates was an greek scientist/founder of
scientific medicine
20) How, in the worship of Gods, were the Greeks
different from earlier people? *********
They were scared of the new or didn't wanted it.
For example when Socrates was killed, because he thought not normal.
ROME
1) What is Rome’s legacy on today’s culture?
They gave us the Palatin, the Roman Numbers,
the calendar and coins, the two christian religion
2) Who was the first emperor of the Roman
Empire? What were some of his accomplishments?
Augustus Caesar, he held the office of consul,
Tribune and high Priest and Senator these all at the same time. He brought
peace to the Roman Empire.
3) What was the Pax Romana?
Was the Roman peace that Augustus brought to Rome.
It lasted for 200 years.
4) List three reasons the Roman Empire
collapsed.
1.the attacks from the germans
2. political problems.
3."civil war" in town
4. many wars made the roman empire less powerful
5) Who Founded Rome? What is the story
behind the founding of Rome?
Romolus founded Rome. A latin princess brought her
two twins, which she couldn't have because of a promise to the oath. A she wolf
got them then a the tiber and helped them not to die. One day a man killed the
she wolf and took the twins to him. When they were older to build a city and
let the gods decide who is ruling. At the end they fought against each other
and Romolus won and called his city Rome.
6) Why were the Etruscans important?
they showed how to make things with iron, how to
build houses and ships of wood
7) What was important about the Roman
Republic? How did it end?******
8) Who was Julius Caesar? Why was he
important?
- he was born in the one oldest patrician families
- he knew that politics was an dangerous job
- he was an famous general and came throgh the
support of his army to this power
- he was killed by the Senate
9) What customs did the Romans borrow or
adopt from the Etruscans?
- how to make ships (and the made them better)
- military strategies
- how to build specific weapons
10) Who was Hannibal? What were some of his
accomplishments?
He was an general in the second punic war. He
fought against rome for 15 years and burned/destroyed many Roman cities in this
time. He walked many times with his strong army and the elephants (part of the
army) over the alps and was killed by the last fight against the Romans.
11-13) Discuss the following Emperors, what they
did for Rome, why were the important:
Trajan:
- was one of the greatest emperors of Rome
- supported poor people and children/helped them
not to starve
- made new laws for families and poor people
- made the state not bigger but better
- made the taxes lower
Constantine I:
- he was a good leader
- first leader who converted to christianity
following his victory at the battle of Milvian
- he was interested in Science
- build the eastern Orthoday church
Diocletian:
- made specific prices/limit prices for goods
- made the people decide for their taxes
- made the Roman Empire more powerful
THE GERMANS
1) Who were the Goths?
Germanic people who lived in the Balkan Peninsula
of Europe, they were divided into two groups called Ostrogoths and Visigoths.
2) Discuss the Battle of Adrianople? Why was
it important? When did it happen?
It happened in 378 and it was important because it
marked the beginning of the end of the Roman empire.
3) Where did the Goths end up?
They ended up in North Africa
4) Who were the Vandals?
A German pirates group from Balkan Peninsula of
Europe.
5) What English world did the Vandals inspire?
Why?
Vandalism, because the Vandals went around purposly
destroying areas.
6) Who was Odoacer?
A German general who ruled the western empire for
15 years. He was killed by the East Goths when they invaded Italy.
7) Who was Theodoric?
Leader of Eastern Goths
8) What happened to the Roman Empire in the West by
550 C.E.?
It faded away and in its place were six major and a
great many minor Germanic kingdoms.
THE FRANKS
1) Why were people no longer interested in
learning during the early middle ages?
Because they fought, that all they have to know
came from god and the church.
2) Why are the Franks important?
Later they builded the modern lands France and
Germany and they develpoped the modern francis
3) Who was Clovis? How did Clovis
become Christian?
He was the Franks king and it was his mission from
god to be hristian and make it puplar in his Land.
4) What happened after Clovis became
Christian?
He made the christian believnes popular in his
whole land and saved the church from non-believers. It was his mission from
god.
5) Why was it important that the Pope gave
Clovis his support?
Popes church and his power supported to make the
christian believnes popular.
6) Why were the Franks more successful at
governing than other Germanic peoples?
Because they had better rules and began to work
with other lands together. Also they were more modern and there believnes was a
we, so everybody was supporting everrybody, also other lands.
7) What modern nations developed out of the
civilization built by the Franks?
Germany and France.
1) Why were the Frankish kings after Clovis
weak?
They divided the land under their sons and these
spend more time for fighting then ruling. So the power went to the nobles.
2) Who was Charles Martel? What did he
do? Why was he known as “The Hammer”?
He became known as the "Hammer" because
of his strength. In 732, he led the Franks in a battle of Tours, one of the
most important battles in european history.
3) Why was the Battle of Tours a turning
point in history?
The Franks victory at the battle of Tours enabled
christianity to survive in western europe.
4) What might western Europe have been like
if the Arabs and Berbers had won the Battle of Tours?
Then probably all of europe would be like the arabs
and berbers...?
5) Who was Pepin? How did he help the
Pope?
He was the son of Charles Martel. Pepin led the
army into italy, defeated the Lombards, and gave the land the held in central
italy, to the pope.
6) Define anointed.
To apply oil, ointment, or a similar substance to.
To put oil on during a religious ceremony as a sign of sanctification or
consecration. To choose by or as if by divine intervention.
1) When did Pepin die? Who were his
sons?
He died in 768. His sons were Carloman and charles
who became king of the franks.
2) Who was Charlemagne? What did he
do? List the people he defeated in battle. What does his name mean?
Was the second son of Pepin. He was king of the
Frans. He wanted to bring all western european under his rule and he also
wanted to make ther germans christian.
1. Went to italy and defeated the Lombards
2. he attacked the saxons who lived in the northern
of germany
3. And he fought also the Muslims
His name means "Charles the Great".
3) What was The Song of Roland about?
Its about the warrior Roland and the song is about
a lost battle, which was at the beginning a legend and then a song.
4) Why was Charlemagne displeased that the
Pope crowned him emperor?
When the religious ceremony was over, the Pope
placed a crown on Charles the Great head. The pope then declared that
Charlemagne was the new Roman emperor. Then he bought, that the right to rule
came from the pope and not from god.
5) What was Charlemagne’s view of education?
What did he do to promote education in his empire?
He believed in education and was proud of his
own ability to read latin.He wanted that his people be educated too so he
founded schools.
6) Who was Alcuin? What did children
study in the school set up by Alcuin?
He was a scholar. The children studied such
subjects as religion, Latin, music, literature, and arithmetic.
7) What were some things that artists
created under Charlemagne’s rule?
They build pa;aces and churches, around a large
courtyard as the Romans did. They covered church walls showing pictures from
stories from the bible.
8) Describe estate life.
Lors or nobles were the most powerful people in
Charles empire. Lords lived in stone farmhouses. Farmers lived often in simple
wood huses in small villages. They worked in fields, vineyards, orchards. The
field were owned by the lords but the farmers worked 3 days a week.
9) How did farmers gradually become serfs?
The farmers gradually did more for the nobles and
less for themselves. They were becoming serfs, or peole bound to the land.
10) How did minstrels increase Charlemagne’s
popularity?
The minstrels journeyed from place to place singing
the praises of Charlemagne and his empire.
11) What did the Empire collapse after
Charlemagne’s death?
Louis dicided the empire under his 3 sons, received
the title of emperor. The empire lost more and more power and when they divided
the empire again, the empire was not existing anymore.
12) What might have prevented the collapse of
Charlemagne’s government?
Because the brothers were so weak rulers who
allowed the counts and nobles to have most of the power. Once again, united
western Europe was divided into smaller territories.
THE ANGLO-SAXONS
1) The Anglo-Saxons were made up of what three
groups?
They were divided into the Anglos, the Saxons, and
the Jutes.
2) How did Christianity come to the Anglo-Saxon
kingdoms of England?
n 597 A.D, Pope Gregory sent a mission of 41 monks
from Rome to England under the leadership of Augustine to make the Anglo Saxons
kingdoms christian.
3) What did Alfred do to unite Anglo-Saxon England?
He founded new laws based on the old Anglo Saxons
customs to protect the weak against the strong and stressed honesty in making
agreements. He also educated his land and translated the old books from latin
to english so that the people now, what the history before this time was.
4) Why did Alfred the Great pay the Danes to leave
England alone?
He wanted to build a stronger army so that he can
"shoot" hem 1 time out of england. When he fought, that his army was
strong enough, he didn't paid the money anymore and fought against them.
5) Why did the king set up local governments in
England?
The central government was too weak to govern the
whole country, so they set up local governments.
6) What were the duties of the nobles?
Nobles had to attend the witenagemot, keep peace in
local areas, and serve the king in war.
7) Why did early English kinds divide the country
into shires? What were some of the jobs of the sheriff?
Nobles had to attend the witenagemot, keep peace in
local areas, and serve the king in war. The sheriff collected money, enforced
the law, called out soldiers when needed, and told the king what was
happening in the shire.
8) How did the King's peace help unite England?
Because of this, the king had time to build a army
and the people had time to rebuild there houses and don't had to be scared,
that the Danes will attack and rob then again. It helped all to be a unit. Also
any kind of crime was not allowed and so all was much more peaceful.
9) What was the purpose of witenagemot?
They met with the king to talk about problems.
10) How did the English government develop under
the Anglo-Saxons?
They centered on a king and he was generally
elected by a council of lords. The king directed the central government which
was made up of royal servants and advisers. They handled the king's needs and
wishes.
11) Why did Anglo-Saxons unite under Alfred the
Great?
1. He payed the danes
2. When he fought, that his army, which he build
while he payed the danes, was strong enough, he didn't payed them anymore
3. Danes attacked him and he lost the first battle
but after a short he defeated hem finally
He never had enough power to "shot" them
out of England but they had no power anymore and lived then peaceful.
The VIKINGS
1) The Vikings came from what places (think
countries)?
Sweden, Norway, Denmark
2) The Vikings prowess in trade has led people to
compare them with what historical group?
Phoenicians
3) Why did Vikings raid?
Because of a mini ice age they couldn't grew barley
and wheat, so they were close to starve. They also raided because it was for
them fun and they did it for their gods.
4) Why was there no central government in
Scandinavia?
Because in the winter they were isolated from each
other and they also lived to much away from each other.
5) What was a Jarl?
They are the military chiefs from the viking
groups.
6) Why did the Vikings disappear?
Because they became Christians.
7) What some rights that Viking women have?
they could go to public meeting, could own private
property and could divorce
8) Who was Erik the Red?
He was an Viking adventurer. He founded a colony on
Green and explored the North Atlantic.
9) Who were the Normans?
10) What was a berserker?
Crazy people who felt no pain and who were used in
battle to break the enemy lines
